.paper-route{--paper-content-max:none;--paper-toc-width:15rem;--paper-gap:2.25rem;background:var(--upg-bg);color:var(--upg-body);font-family:var(--upg-serif);min-height:100vh}.paper-route .paper-version-pill{font-family:var(--upg-mono-label);letter-spacing:.16em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--upg-accent);background:var(--upg-accent-dim);border:1px solid var(--upg-border);border-radius:var(--upg-radius);align-items:center;padding:.25rem .6rem;font-size:.72rem;font-weight:700;text-decoration:none;transition:border-color .15s,color .15s;display:inline-flex}.paper-route .paper-version-pill:hover{border-color:var(--upg-accent)}.paper-route .paper-shell{grid-template-columns:var(--paper-toc-width) minmax(0, 1fr);gap:var(--paper-gap);align-items:start;max-width:1440px;margin:0 auto;padding:1.5rem 1.5rem 6rem;display:grid}@media (max-width:1023px){.paper-route .paper-shell{grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr);padding:1rem 1rem 6rem}}.paper-front-cover{border-bottom:1px solid var(--upg-border-subtle,var(--upg-border));font-family:var(--upg-serif);font-optical-sizing:auto;flex-direction:column;gap:2rem;min-height:22rem;margin-bottom:3rem;padding:4rem 0 5rem;display:flex}.paper-front-cover__eyebrow{font-family:var(--upg-mono-label);letter-spacing:.16em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--upg-muted);font-variant-numeric:lining-nums tabular-nums;font-size:.72rem}.paper-front-cover__logo{justify-content:flex-start;align-items:center;margin:1rem 0;display:flex}.paper-front-cover__logo svg>circle:last-of-type,.paper-back-cover__mark svg>circle:last-of-type{fill:var(--upg-text)!important;opacity:1!important}.paper-front-cover__fullname{font-family:var(--upg-display), Sora, sans-serif;letter-spacing:-.01em;color:var(--upg-text);font-size:clamp(1.6rem,3.2vw,2.25rem);font-weight:500;line-height:1.2}.paper-front-cover__acronym{color:var(--upg-muted);font-weight:400}.paper-front-cover__rule{background:var(--upg-text);width:3rem;height:2px;margin:1.25rem 0 .5rem}.paper-front-cover__title{font-family:var(--upg-display), Sora, sans-serif;color:var(--upg-text);letter-spacing:-.01em;font-variant-numeric:lining-nums;flex-direction:column;gap:.5rem;max-width:32ch;margin:0;display:flex}.paper-front-cover__title-main{font-size:clamp(2rem,4.4vw,3rem);font-weight:600;line-height:1.15}.paper-front-cover__title-sub{color:var(--upg-body);font-size:clamp(1.1rem,2.2vw,1.45rem);font-weight:400;line-height:1.3}.paper-front-cover__byline{margin-top:1rem}.paper-front-cover__author{color:var(--upg-text);margin-bottom:.25rem;font-size:1.1rem;font-weight:600}.paper-front-cover__affil{color:var(--upg-muted);font-size:.95rem}.paper-front-cover__footer{font-family:var(--upg-mono-label);letter-spacing:.12em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--upg-muted);font-variant-numeric:lining-nums tabular-nums;gap:2rem;margin-top:auto;font-size:.7rem;display:flex}.paper-back-cover{border-top:1px solid var(--upg-border-subtle,var(--upg-border));font-family:var(--upg-serif);font-optical-sizing:auto;text-align:center;flex-direction:column;align-items:center;gap:1.25rem;min-height:22rem;margin-top:4rem;padding:4rem 0 5rem;display:flex}.paper-back-cover__mark{font-family:var(--upg-display), Sora, sans-serif;letter-spacing:-.04em;color:var(--upg-text);margin-bottom:.5rem;font-size:clamp(3rem,7vw,4.5rem);font-weight:700;line-height:1}.paper-back-cover__rule{background:var(--upg-border);width:3rem;height:2px;margin:.5rem auto 1rem}.paper-back-cover__title{font-family:var(--upg-display), Sora, sans-serif;color:var(--upg-text);letter-spacing:-.01em;font-size:1.35rem;font-weight:500}.paper-back-cover__subtitle{font-family:var(--upg-mono-label);letter-spacing:.14em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--upg-muted);font-variant-numeric:lining-nums tabular-nums;margin-bottom:1.5rem;font-size:.7rem}.paper-back-cover__meta{color:var(--upg-body);text-align:left;grid-template-columns:auto auto;gap:.4rem 1.5rem;max-width:28rem;margin:1rem 0;padding:0;font-size:.9rem;display:grid}.paper-back-cover__meta-row{display:contents}.paper-back-cover__meta dt{font-family:var(--upg-mono-label);letter-spacing:.12em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--upg-muted);align-self:center;font-size:.66rem}.paper-back-cover__meta dd{color:var(--upg-body);margin:0}.paper-back-cover__meta a{color:var(--upg-text);border-bottom:1px solid var(--upg-border);text-decoration:none}.paper-back-cover__colophon{max-width:34rem;color:var(--upg-muted);margin-top:2rem;font-size:.85rem;font-style:italic;line-height:1.55}.paper-back-cover__end{font-family:var(--upg-mono-label);letter-spacing:.18em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--upg-muted);margin-top:2rem;font-size:.7rem}.paper-title-page{border-bottom:1px solid var(--upg-border-subtle,var(--upg-border));font-family:var(--upg-serif);font-optical-sizing:auto;margin-bottom:3rem;padding:3rem 0 4rem}.paper-title-page__eyebrow{font-family:var(--upg-mono-label);letter-spacing:.14em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--upg-muted);font-variant-numeric:lining-nums tabular-nums;margin-bottom:1.5rem;font-size:.7rem}.paper-title-page__title{font-family:var(--upg-display), Sora, sans-serif;color:var(--upg-text);letter-spacing:-.01em;font-variant-numeric:lining-nums;flex-direction:column;gap:.6rem;max-width:34ch;margin:0 0 2rem;display:flex}.paper-title-page__title-main{font-size:clamp(2rem,4.4vw,3rem);font-weight:600;line-height:1.15}.paper-title-page__title-sub{color:var(--upg-body);font-size:clamp(1.15rem,2.2vw,1.5rem);font-weight:400;line-height:1.3}.paper-title-page__byline{color:var(--upg-body);margin-bottom:2.5rem;font-size:1rem;line-height:1.5}.paper-title-page__author{color:var(--upg-text);margin-bottom:.1rem;font-size:1.05rem;font-weight:600}.paper-title-page__affil,.paper-title-page__contact{color:var(--upg-muted);font-size:.95rem}.paper-title-page__contact a{color:var(--upg-link);font-family:var(--upg-mono-label);font-size:.85rem}.paper-title-page__abstract{max-width:var(--paper-content-max);margin-bottom:2rem}.paper-title-page__abstract-eyebrow{font-family:var(--upg-mono-label);letter-spacing:.14em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--upg-muted);margin-bottom:.75rem;font-size:.7rem}.paper-title-page__abstract-body{font-variant-numeric:oldstyle-nums proportional-nums;color:var(--upg-body);font-size:1rem;line-height:1.7}.paper-title-page__abstract-body p{margin:0 0 1rem}.paper-title-page__abstract-body p:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.paper-title-page__keywords{max-width:var(--paper-content-max);color:var(--upg-muted);font-size:.88rem;font-style:italic;font-family:var(--upg-serif)}.paper-title-page__keywords-eyebrow{font-family:var(--upg-mono-label);letter-spacing:.14em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--upg-muted);font-size:.7rem;font-style:normal}.paper-toc{font-family:var(--upg-sans)}.paper-toc--desktop{border-right:1px solid var(--upg-border-subtle,var(--upg-border));max-height:calc(100vh - 6rem);padding-right:1rem;font-size:.85rem;position:sticky;top:5rem;overflow-y:auto}@media (max-width:1023px){.paper-toc--desktop{display:none}}.paper-toc__eyebrow{font-family:var(--upg-mono-label);letter-spacing:.14em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--upg-muted);margin-bottom:.75rem;font-size:.65rem}.paper-toc__group{margin-bottom:1.5rem}.paper-toc__group-title{font-family:var(--upg-mono-label);letter-spacing:.14em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--upg-muted);border-bottom:1px solid var(--upg-border-subtle,var(--upg-border));margin-bottom:.45rem;padding-bottom:.3rem;font-size:.62rem}.paper-toc__list{margin:0;padding:0;list-style:none}.paper-toc__item{margin:.15rem 0;line-height:1.35}.paper-toc__item--l2{font-size:.95rem}.paper-toc__item--l3{padding-left:.9rem;font-size:.88rem}.paper-toc__link{color:var(--upg-body);border-left:2px solid #0000;padding:.18rem .3rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;transition:color .15s,border-color .15s,background .15s;display:block}.paper-toc__link:hover{color:var(--upg-text);border-left-color:var(--upg-border);text-decoration:none}.paper-toc__item--active>.paper-toc__link{color:var(--upg-text);border-left-color:var(--upg-accent,var(--upg-text));font-weight:600}.paper-toc__label{display:block}.paper-toc__subtitle{color:var(--upg-muted);margin-top:.1rem;font-size:.82em;font-weight:400;line-height:1.3;display:block}.paper-toc__fab{background:var(--upg-text);color:var(--upg-bg);font-family:var(--upg-mono-label);letter-spacing:.1em;text-transform:uppercase;border:1px solid var(--upg-text);cursor:pointer;z-index:50;padding:.6rem 1rem;font-size:.7rem;font-weight:600;display:none;position:fixed;bottom:1rem;right:1rem;box-shadow:0 4px 12px #0003}@media (max-width:1023px){.paper-toc__fab{display:inline-flex}}.paper-toc__sheet-backdrop{z-index:60;background:#0006;align-items:flex-end;display:flex;position:fixed;inset:0}.paper-toc__sheet{background:var(--upg-surface);border-top:1px solid var(--upg-border);flex-direction:column;width:100%;max-height:80vh;display:flex;overflow-y:auto}.paper-toc__sheet-head{border-bottom:1px solid var(--upg-border-subtle,var(--upg-border));background:var(--upg-surface);z-index:1;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;padding:1rem 1.25rem;display:flex;position:sticky;top:0}.paper-toc__sheet-close{font-family:var(--upg-mono-label);letter-spacing:.1em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--upg-muted);border:1px solid var(--upg-border);cursor:pointer;background:0 0;padding:.35rem .65rem;font-size:.7rem}.paper-toc__sheet-body{padding:1rem 1.25rem 2rem}.paper-body{max-width:var(--paper-content-max);font-family:var(--upg-serif);color:var(--upg-body);font-optical-sizing:auto;font-variant-numeric:oldstyle-nums proportional-nums;font-size:19.5px;line-height:1.7}.paper-section{margin:0 0 2.5rem;scroll-margin-top:4.5rem}.paper-section__heading{font-family:var(--upg-display);color:var(--upg-text);font-variant-numeric:lining-nums;letter-spacing:-.01em;position:relative}.paper-section__heading--main{border-top:1px solid var(--upg-border-subtle,var(--upg-border));margin:3rem 0 1.25rem;padding-top:1rem;font-size:1.75rem;font-weight:600;line-height:1.2}.paper-section__heading--sub{margin:2.2rem 0 .75rem;font-size:1.25rem;font-weight:600;line-height:1.25}.paper-section__heading .paper-section__subtitle{font-family:var(--upg-display);color:var(--upg-muted);letter-spacing:0;margin-top:.2rem;font-size:.7em;font-weight:400;line-height:1.3;display:block}.paper-section__anchor{opacity:0;color:var(--upg-muted);font-family:var(--upg-mono-label);font-size:.8em;text-decoration:none;transition:opacity .15s;position:absolute;top:50%;left:-1.4rem;transform:translateY(-50%)}.paper-section__heading:hover .paper-section__anchor{opacity:1}.paper-section__body>:first-child{margin-top:0}.paper-section__body>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.paper-section__body p{margin:0 0 1rem}.paper-section__body strong{color:var(--upg-text);font-weight:600}.paper-section__body em{font-style:italic}.paper-section__body ul,.paper-section__body ol{margin:0 0 1.2rem;padding-left:1.5rem}.paper-section__body li{margin-bottom:.35rem}.paper-section__body a{color:var(--upg-link);text-decoration:underline;-webkit-text-decoration-color:var(--upg-border);text-decoration-color:var(--upg-border);text-underline-offset:2px;transition:text-decoration-color .15s,color .15s}.paper-section__body a:hover{color:var(--upg-text);text-decoration-color:currentColor}.paper-section__body blockquote{border-left:3px solid var(--upg-accent,var(--upg-text));background:var(--upg-surface);color:var(--upg-body);margin:1.5rem 0;padding:.75rem 1.25rem;font-size:.98rem;font-style:normal;line-height:1.65}.paper-section__body blockquote p{margin:0 0 .6rem}.paper-section__body blockquote p:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.paper-section__body blockquote strong{font-family:var(--upg-serif);color:var(--upg-text);font-weight:700}.paper-section__body .upg-paper-table-wrap{border:1px solid var(--upg-border-subtle,var(--upg-border));background:var(--upg-surface-raised,var(--upg-surface));margin:1.25rem 0 1.75rem;overflow-x:auto}.paper-section__body table.upg-paper-table{border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-family:var(--upg-display), Sora, sans-serif;font-variant-numeric:lining-nums tabular-nums;font-size:.9rem;line-height:1.45}.paper-section__body table.upg-paper-table th,.paper-section__body table.upg-paper-table td{text-align:left;border-bottom:1px solid var(--upg-border-subtle,var(--upg-border));vertical-align:top;font-family:var(--upg-display), Sora, sans-serif;padding:.55rem .85rem}.paper-section__body table.upg-paper-table th{color:var(--upg-text);background:var(--upg-surface);border-bottom:2px solid var(--upg-border);font-variant-numeric:lining-nums;font-weight:600}.paper-section__body table.upg-paper-table tr:last-child td{border-bottom:none}.paper-section__body table.upg-paper-table code{font-family:var(--upg-mono-code);font-size:.82rem}.paper-section__body pre{border:1px solid var(--upg-border-subtle,var(--upg-border));line-height:1.5;font-family:var(--upg-mono-code);margin:1.25rem 0 1.5rem;padding:1rem 1.15rem;font-size:.92rem;overflow-x:auto}.paper-section__body pre.shiki{background:var(--shiki-light-bg)!important;color:var(--shiki-light)!important}.paper-section__body pre.shiki span{color:var(--shiki-light);background-color:var(--shiki-light-bg)}html[data-theme=dark] .paper-section__body pre.shiki{background:var(--upg-surface-raised,var(--shiki-dark-bg))!important;color:var(--shiki-dark)!important}html[data-theme=dark] .paper-section__body pre.shiki code{background:0 0!important}html[data-theme=dark] .paper-section__body pre.shiki span{color:var(--shiki-dark);background-color:#0000!important}@media print{.paper-route .paper-section__body pre.shiki{background:var(--shiki-light-bg)!important;color:var(--shiki-light)!important}.paper-route .paper-section__body pre.shiki code{background:0 0!important}.paper-route .paper-section__body pre.shiki span{color:var(--shiki-light)!important;background-color:var(--shiki-light-bg)!important}}.paper-section__body pre code{font-family:var(--upg-mono-code);font-size:inherit;color:inherit;background:0 0}.paper-section__body :not(pre)>code{font-family:var(--upg-mono-code);background:var(--upg-accent-dim,#0000000f);color:var(--upg-text);font-variant-numeric:normal;border-radius:3px;padding:.1em .35em;font-size:.88em}.paper-section__body pre.shiki{padding:1rem 1.15rem}.paper-section__body pre.shiki,.paper-section__body pre.shiki code{white-space:pre-wrap;overflow-wrap:anywhere;word-break:break-word}.paper-section__body pre.shiki .line{white-space:pre-wrap}.paper-section__body pre.shiki code{display:block}.paper-section__body .upg-mermaid{background:var(--upg-surface,#faf6ec);border:1px solid var(--upg-border-subtle,var(--upg-border));border-radius:2px;justify-content:center;margin:1.5rem 0;padding:1.25rem 1rem;display:flex;overflow-x:auto}.paper-section__body .upg-mermaid__svg{justify-content:center;width:100%;max-width:100%;display:flex}.paper-section__body .upg-mermaid__svg svg{width:100%;max-width:560px;height:auto;font-family:var(--upg-display), Sora, sans-serif!important}.paper-section__body .upg-mermaid-pair{background:var(--upg-surface,#faf6ec);border:1px solid var(--upg-border-subtle,var(--upg-border));border-radius:2px;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;align-items:start;gap:0;margin:1.5rem 0;padding:1.25rem 1rem;display:grid}.paper-section__body .upg-mermaid-pair>.upg-mermaid{background:0 0;border:none;border-radius:0;margin:0;padding:0}.paper-section__body .upg-mermaid-pair>.upg-mermaid:first-child{border-right:1px dashed var(--upg-border-subtle,var(--upg-border));padding-right:1rem}.paper-section__body .upg-mermaid-pair>.upg-mermaid:last-child{padding-left:1rem}@media (max-width:720px){.paper-section__body .upg-mermaid-pair{grid-template-columns:1fr}.paper-section__body .upg-mermaid-pair>.upg-mermaid:first-child{border-right:none;border-bottom:1px dashed var(--upg-border-subtle,var(--upg-border));margin-bottom:1rem;padding-bottom:1rem;padding-right:0}.paper-section__body .upg-mermaid-pair>.upg-mermaid:last-child{padding-left:0}}.paper-section__body .upg-mermaid__svg svg .nodeLabel,.paper-section__body .upg-mermaid__svg svg .edgeLabel{font-family:var(--upg-display), Sora, sans-serif!important}.paper-section__body .upg-mermaid__svg svg .nodeLabel p{text-align:center;flex-direction:column;align-items:center;margin:0;display:flex}.paper-section__body .upg-mermaid__svg svg .nodeLabel .ntype{order:-1;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:6px}.paper-section__body .upg-mermaid__svg svg .nodeLabel strong,.paper-section__body .upg-mermaid__svg svg .nodeLabel b{order:0}.paper-section__body .upg-mermaid__svg svg .nodeLabel .nsub{order:1}.paper-section__body .upg-mermaid__svg svg .edgeLabel{line-height:1.2;background:0 0!important;padding:0!important;overflow:visible!important}.paper-section__body .upg-mermaid__svg svg foreignObject{overflow:visible!important}.paper-section__body .upg-mermaid__svg svg .edgeLabel p{white-space:nowrap;align-items:center;gap:7px;display:inline-flex;margin:0!important}.paper-section__body .upg-mermaid__svg svg .edgeLabel .mverb{border-radius:3px;padding:4px 9px;font-weight:500;color:#1c1e2e!important;font-family:var(--upg-display), Sora, sans-serif!important;background:#f0eadb!important}.paper-section__body .upg-mermaid__svg svg .edgeLabel .mtype{letter-spacing:.08em;text-transform:uppercase;font-size:.72em;font-family:var(--upg-mono-label)!important;color:#9e978d!important}.paper-section__body .upg-mermaid__loading{font-family:var(--upg-mono-label);letter-spacing:.1em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--upg-muted);padding:2rem 0;font-size:.7rem}.paper-section__body .upg-mermaid__error{font-family:var(--upg-mono-label);color:var(--upg-muted);padding:1rem;font-size:.75rem}.paper-section__body pre.shiki[data-language=text],.paper-section__body pre code.language-text{font-family:var(--upg-mono-code);letter-spacing:0;font-variant-ligatures:none;white-space:pre;font-size:.88rem;line-height:1.4}.upg-paper-chip{font-family:var(--upg-mono-label);border:1px solid var(--upg-border);background:var(--upg-surface);color:var(--upg-text);white-space:nowrap;vertical-align:baseline;font-variant-numeric:normal;border-radius:2px;padding:.05em .35em .05em .4em;font-size:.82em;font-weight:600;line-height:1.4;display:inline-block}.upg-paper-chip:before{content:attr(data-type);border-right:1px solid var(--upg-border);color:var(--upg-muted);text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.03em;margin-right:.4em;padding-right:.4em;font-size:.88em;font-weight:500;display:inline-block}.paper-pagenav{border-top:1px solid var(--upg-border);font-family:var(--upg-sans);grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:1rem;margin-top:4rem;padding-top:1.5rem;font-size:.9rem;display:grid}.paper-pagenav__link{border:1px solid var(--upg-border);background:var(--upg-surface-raised,var(--upg-surface));color:var(--upg-text);flex-direction:column;padding:1rem 1.25rem;text-decoration:none;transition:border-color .15s;display:flex}.paper-pagenav__link:hover{border-color:var(--upg-muted);text-decoration:none}.paper-pagenav__link--next{text-align:right;align-items:flex-end}.paper-pagenav__eyebrow{font-family:var(--upg-mono-label);letter-spacing:.14em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--upg-muted);margin-bottom:.25rem;font-size:.65rem}.paper-pagenav__title{font-family:var(--upg-serif);color:var(--upg-text);font-weight:600;line-height:1.3}@media (max-width:600px){.paper-pagenav{grid-template-columns:1fr}.paper-pagenav__link--next{text-align:left;align-items:flex-start}}[data-screen-hidden=true]{display:none}.paper-print-toc__group-label{font-family:var(--upg-mono-label);letter-spacing:.14em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--upg-muted);margin:1.2rem 0 .5rem;font-size:.75rem}@media print{[data-print-hidden=true]{display:none!important}[data-screen-hidden=true]{display:block!important}.paper-route .paper-shell{max-width:none;margin:0;padding:0;display:block}.paper-route{color:#111;background:#fff}}html.pagedjs_not_ready [data-screen-hidden=true],html.pagedjs [data-screen-hidden=true],.pagedjs_page [data-screen-hidden=true]{display:block!important}html.pagedjs_not_ready [data-print-hidden=true],html.pagedjs [data-print-hidden=true]{display:none!important}.paper-route .paper-figure-host{margin:2.25rem 0;display:block}.paper-route .paper-figure-host--bleed .paper-figure__svg{max-width:100%}.paper-route .paper-figure{margin:0;padding:0;display:block}.paper-route .paper-figure__svg{width:100%;max-width:640px;height:auto;margin:0 auto;display:block}.paper-route .paper-figure--region-model .paper-figure__svg,.paper-route .paper-figure--ring-a .paper-figure__svg,.paper-route .paper-figure--ring-b .paper-figure__svg,.paper-route .paper-figure--ring-horizontal .paper-figure__svg,.paper-route .paper-figure--ring-curve .paper-figure__svg{max-width:100%}.paper-route .paper-figure__caption{max-width:640px;font-family:var(--upg-serif);color:var(--upg-body);text-align:left;margin:.85rem auto 0;font-size:.875rem;line-height:1.5}.paper-route .paper-figure__caption-label{font-family:var(--upg-mono-label), "Space Mono", monospace;letter-spacing:.08em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--upg-text);margin-right:.35em;font-size:.78em}.paper-route .paper-figure__sr-table{clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);white-space:nowrap;border:0;width:1px;height:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0;position:absolute;overflow:hidden}